Content
Proper fertilizing is one of the factors affecting crop yields. The KAS-32 fertilizer contains highly effective mineral components. This product has many advantages over other types of fertilizers. However, for effective use, many factors must be taken into account and instructions must be strictly followed.
What is it - KAS-32
The abbreviation stands for urea-ammonia mixture. The number in the name indicates that UAN-32 contains 32% nitrogen. Fertilizer has been actively used in agriculture for more than 40 years.This is explained by many advantages over other types of mineral supplements.
Composition of fertilizer KAS-32
The drug contains a mixture of urea and ammonium nitrate in a certain proportion. These components are a source of nitrogen, which enters the soil after processing the plants.
Includes:
- ammonium nitrate – 44.3%;
- urea – 35.4;
- water – 19.4;
- ammonia liquid – 0.5.
Only KAS-32 contains all 3 forms of nitrogen
Fertilizer is a source of several forms of nitrogen. Due to this composition, a prolonged action is ensured. First, the soil is supplied with quickly digestible substances. As it decomposes, additional nitrogen is released into the soil, which enriches the plants for a long time.
Characteristics of fertilizer KAS-32
Urea-ammonia mixture is used in agriculture exclusively in liquid form. This simplifies the production of KAS-32 fertilizer, operation and storage.
Main characteristics:
- liquid color – light yellow;
- total nitrogen share – from 28% to 32%;
- freezes at -25;
- crystallization temperature – -2;
- alkalinity – 0.02-0.1%.
The nitrate form of fertilizer is completely absorbed by the root system of plants
The loss of nitrogen when applying UAN-32 is no more than 10%. This is one of the main advantages of this drug over granular mineral supplements.
Impact on soil and plants
Nitrogen directly affects the processes of growth and development of agricultural crops. This element also makes the soil fertile. Containing a sufficient amount of nitrogen in the soil ensures high yields.
Useful properties of KAS-32:
- Accelerates the development of vegetative organs of plants.
- Increases the absorption of amino acids during fruit formation.
- Helps saturate tissues with fluid.
- Activates the growth of plant cells.
- Increases the rate of mineralization of additional fertilizers in the soil.
- Prevents the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms in the soil.
- Increases the compensatory ability of plants.
UAN-32 can be combined with pesticides and microfertilizers
Agricultural crops especially need additional sources of nitrogen. Therefore, the use of urea-ammonia mixture KAS-32 is advisable.
Varieties and forms of release
KAS-32 is one of the varieties of urea-ammonium mixture. It differs in certain proportions of components. There are also liquid mineral fertilizers with a nitrogen content of 28% and 30%.
KAS-32 is produced in liquid form. Storage and transportation are carried out in special tanks.
Hazard class KAS-32
Urea-ammonia mixture can cause harm to human health. Therefore, the fertilizer belongs to the third hazard class. When using this drug, you must take precautions and use personal protective equipment.
Norms for applying fertilizer KAS-32
The mixture is used primarily for processing winter grain crops. The application rate in this case depends on several factors.
Among them:
- planting density;
- soil condition;
- air temperature;
- growing season.
The first treatment is carried out even before sowing. This is necessary to increase soil fertility and ensure good germination of planting material. Subsequently, winter wheat KAS-32 is repeatedly fed.
Nitrogen application rate:
- At the beginning of tillering - 50 kg per 1 ha.
- The tubing stage is 20 kg at a concentration of 20% per 1 ha.
- Heading period – 10 kg per 1 ha at a concentration of 15%.
In case of cold weather it is better to use KAS-28
Application rate of UAN-32 per 1 ha when processing other crops:
- sugar beets – 120 kg;
- potatoes – 60 kg;
- corn – 50 kg.
The use of UAN-32 in the vineyard is allowed. This procedure is only required in case of nitrogen deficiency. 1 hectare of vineyard requires 170 kg of fertilizer.
Methods of application
There are several options for using urea-ammonia mixture. Typically, UAN-32 is used as an additional fertilizer in spring crops. The drug is applied as a root or leaf treatment.
UAN can also be applied as the main fertilizer. In this case, it is used for autumn plowing or pre-sowing soil cultivation.
How to apply KAS-32
The method of application depends on the duration and intended purpose of the treatment. The planting density and the required dosage of the drug are preliminarily determined. Before processing, weather conditions, air temperature and soil composition are taken into account.
Recommended timing
The application period directly depends on the processing method. Root feeding is recommended in early spring, before planting. The required dose of fertilizer is evenly distributed over the area.
Ammonia in fertilizer is in a bound state
Foliar feeding is carried out by irrigating leaves. It is carried out during the active growing season - in mid-spring and early summer, depending on the characteristics of the plant.This method is also used when fertilizing the soil in early spring if the soil is frozen.
Weather requirements
Tillage of soil or crops must be carried out in the morning or in the evening at sunset. Solar ultraviolet radiation should reach the application site in minimal quantities.
Experts recommend fertilizing with KAS-32 fertilizer at temperatures no higher than 20 degrees. This reduces the risk of leaf burn. Air humidity should not exceed 56%.
If the air temperature exceeds 20 degrees, UAN-32 is applied in the evening. In this case, the dosage of fertilizer should be reduced by diluting the solution with water. It is not recommended to spray plants if the weather is windy.
How to breed correctly
You can apply the urea-ammonia mixture to the soil in its pure form. This allows you to provide the soil with enough nitrogen before the planned sowing.
To treat seedlings, diluted fertilizer is used. The proportions depend on the application rate of UAN-32 for winter wheat or other crops. During the second treatment of crops, the mixture is diluted with water in a ratio of 1 to 4. The result is a twenty percent solution. For the third treatment, dilute 1 to 6. This is necessary to prevent burns, as well as to prevent nitrates from getting into the grain.
What to remember when preparing CAS-32:
- The solution must be prepared and kept in a container that has not previously contained other plant protection products.
- Fertilizer diluted with water must be thoroughly mixed.
- UAN degreases surfaces, so processing equipment must be well lubricated.
- With sudden changes in temperature, free ammonia can accumulate in the container with fertilizer, which is harmful to the body.
- KAS-32 cannot be diluted with hot water.
The older the plant development phase, the greater the likelihood of burns from UAN-32
Fertilizer can be combined with plant protection products against diseases or weeds. But in this case, the concentration of the active substance must be at least 20%.
How to use KAS-32
There are several application options. The optimal one is selected taking into account the specifics of the crop being grown, the terrain and climatic conditions.
Main methods of application:
- By watering into the cultivated soil.
- Using mobile sprayers.
- Watering with sprinklers.
- Application by inter-row cultivator.
Description and features of using KAS-32 in the video:
When cultivating the soil
When plowing or cultivating a plot, fertilizers are applied through feeders that are installed on plows. This allows you to spill KAS-32 to the depth of the arable land.
Tillage with cultivators is allowed. The minimum application depth is 25 cm.
When preparing a site for sowing, UAN-32 is applied undiluted. The dosage varies from 30 kg to 70 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha. The concentration is determined based on the content of the substance in the soil before treatment, taking into account the needs of the crop being grown.
Rules for the use of UAN-32 on winter wheat
Processing consists of 4 stages. First of all, the soil is prepared for sowing. Apply undiluted fertilizer at 30-60 kg per 1 ha.If the level of nitrogen in the soil is above average, UAN is diluted with water in a ratio of 1 to 1.
Subsequent feeding of wheat:
- 150 kg of UAN-32 per 1 ha on days 21-30 of the growing season.
- 50 kg of fertilizer per 1 ha diluted in 250 liters 31-37 days after sowing.
- 10 kg of UAN per 275 liters of water on days 51-59 of the growing season.
Various methods of applying UAN-32 to winter wheat are used. Movable sprayers are usually used. Processing should be carried out at a speed of no more than 6 km/h.
You can loosen the soil and apply fertilizer at the same time
The application of UAN-32 when growing wheat can increase yields by 20% or more. At the same time, plants become strong and less sensitive to adverse factors.
Application of fertilizer KAS-32 for vegetable crops
The main use case is pre-sowing soil preparation. Additional root feeding is carried out as needed.
For spraying vegetable crops, it is most convenient to use sprinklers and inter-row cultivators. They are used for foliar feeding of potatoes, beets and corn.
Treatment is necessary when:
- drought, lack of moisture;
- sudden changes in temperature;
- during frosts;
- with low nitrogen digestibility.
Sugar beet is considered the most demanding row crop. It is necessary to apply up to 120 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha. The procedure is carried out until the first 4 leaves appear. After this, you can apply no more than 40 kg of active substance per 1 ha.
Foliar feeding of potatoes and corn is carried out only in the early stages of the growing season when the first shoots appear. Adult plants, especially when fruits are forming, cannot be treated, since the leaves will not tolerate the effects of the urea-ammonium mixture.
Equipment for applying liquid fertilizer KAS-32
To use the urea-ammonia mixture, special equipment and auxiliary equipment are required. The purchase of equipment is an additional expense, however, it pays off in 1-2 seasons due to increased productivity.
To prepare the fertilizer you need:
- mortar units to control the proportions of components;
- storage tanks;
- hard plastic containers for transportation;
- pumps with chemically resistant components;
- feeders and other soil cultivation equipment.
Equipment for liquid nitrogen mixtures has a long service life. Therefore, the costs for it are justified.
Possible mistakes
The main reason for the low effectiveness of the mixture or damage to crops is incorrect dosage. In tables for the use of fertilizer KAS-32, application rates are usually indicated in kilograms. However, we are talking about the mass of the active substance contained, and not a pure urea-ammonium mixture.
Incorrect calculation of the dosage leads to the fact that the plant receives an insufficient amount of nitrogen. The effect of applying fertilizer decreases and the yield does not increase.
The use of urea-ammonia mixture can lead to leaf burns. This occurs with foliar feeding during the active growing season. The leaves turn yellow and dry out.
To prevent negative consequences, with each treatment the nitrogen concentration per 1 ha is reduced. The fertilizer is diluted with water, and it becomes less harmful to adult plants.
Do not exceed the dosage of fertilizer, as this will provoke the growth of stems that will not bear fruit.
Other common mistakes include:
- Application in hot weather.
- Treatment of plants wet from dew or after rain.
- Spraying in windy weather.
- Apply the mixture under conditions of low humidity.
- Application to overly acidic soils.
To prevent common mistakes, you need to follow the instructions. Additionally, precautions must be taken.
Advantages of using fertilizer KAS-32
Urea-ammonia mixture is a popular product among agronomists that promotes yield growth. When used correctly, fertilizer is extremely beneficial.
Main advantages:
- Possibility of use in any climate zones.
- Uniform application into the soil due to the liquid form.
- Fast digestibility.
- Long lasting.
- Possibility of combination with pesticides.
- Low cost compared to granular formulations.
The disadvantages of fertilizer include the possibility of plant burns if the dosage is incorrect. Storage and transportation of the mixture requires special conditions, which is inconvenient for owners of small private farms.
How to prepare KAS-32 at home
You can make liquid nitrogen fertilizer yourself for personal use. The properties of self-made UAN will differ from industrial ones. However, it can still be used to treat plants.
To prepare 100 kg of UAN 32 you will need:
- ammonium nitrate – 45 kg;
- urea – 35 kg;
- water – 20 l.
Saltpeter and urea should be mixed in hot water at a temperature of 70-80 degrees. Otherwise, the components will not dissolve completely.
Making at home:
Precautionary measures
When using KAS-32, a number of requirements must be observed to ensure safe work. It is also necessary to follow the rules to prevent equipment breakdown.
Basic recommendations:
- Sprayers, pumps and ancillary equipment must be chemical resistant.
- Containers and tanks that contained KAS-32 must be thoroughly washed.
- It is forbidden to apply the mixture at temperatures below 0.
- To treat sensitive crops, extension hoses are used to prevent the mixture from reaching the leaves.
- When preparing the fertilizer, use personal protective equipment.
- Do not allow the solution to come into contact with the skin, eyes or mouth.
- It is prohibited to inhale ammonia fumes.
If signs of intoxication appear after treatment, you should seek medical help. Self-treatment is not recommended due to possible complications.
Storage rules for CAS-32
Liquid fertilizer can be kept in both hard containers and soft tanks. It is important that they are made from materials that are not sensitive to urea and nitrate. You can use containers designed for ammonia water.
Containers should be filled no more than 80%. This is explained by its high density compared to water.
It is not recommended to fill containers with solution more than 80%
UAN-32 can be stored at any temperature, however, prolonged exposure to heat is undesirable. It is best to keep the mixture at 16-18 degrees. Fertilizer can be stored at sub-zero temperatures. It will freeze, but after it melts, the properties will not change.
Conclusion
The composition of the KAS-32 fertilizer combines urea and ammonium nitrate - valuable sources of nitrogen. The drug is used to fertilize soil and plants at different stages of the growing season.To apply this fertilizer, auxiliary equipment is required. UAN-32 is applied in strict accordance with application rates, which differ for different plant crops.
I'm wondering if Kas 32 can be used for foliar feeding (strawberries?)